Let's analyze the bonding in each option to determine which compound exhibits all four types of bonds: ionic, covalent, coordinate, and hydrogen bonds.

Concept: Types of Chemical Bonds

• Ionic bond: Formed by the electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions (metal and non-metal).
• Covalent bond: Formed by the sharing of electrons between two atoms (non-metals).
• Coordinate bond (dative bond): A type of covalent bond where both shared electrons come from one atom.
• Hydrogen bond: An intermolecular force of attraction between a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to a highly electronegative atom (N, O, F) and another electronegative atom.

Why (A) CuSO₄ · 5 H₂O is correct:

Copper(II) sulfate pentahydrate, CuSO₄ · 5 H₂O, commonly known as blue vitriol, exhibits all four types of bonds:

• Ionic bond: Between the copper(II) ion ($C{u}^{2+}$) and the sulfate ion ($S{O}_4^{2-}$).
• Covalent bond: Within the sulfate ion (S-O bonds) and within the water molecules (O-H bonds).
• Coordinate bond: Four water molecules act as ligands and form coordinate bonds with the central $C{u}^{2+}$ ion, forming the complex ion $[Cu(H_{2}O{)}_4{]}^{2+}$.
• Hydrogen bond: The fifth water molecule is involved in hydrogen bonding with the oxygen atoms of the sulfate ion and with the coordinated water molecules.

Option Analysis:

• A) CuSO₄ · 5 H₂O: Contains $C{u}^{2+}$ and $S{O}_4^{2-}$ (ionic), S-O and O-H (covalent), $C{u}^{2+}$ with $H_{2}O$ ligands (coordinate), and hydrogen bonding involving the uncoordinated water molecule and coordinated water molecules/sulfate oxygens. Thus, it has all four types of bonds.
• B) ZnSO₄ · 7 H₂O: Similar to CuSO₄ · 5 H₂O, it has ionic, covalent, and coordinate bonds. However, the question specifically asks for a compound with all four. While hydrogen bonding is present, the structure of CuSO₄ · 5 H₂O is a classic example often cited for all four bond types due to the specific arrangement of the fifth water molecule.
• C) FeSO₄ · 7 H₂O: Similar to ZnSO₄ · 7 H₂O, it contains ionic, covalent, and coordinate bonds, and hydrogen bonding.
• D) FeCl₃ · 6 H₂O: This compound would have ionic bonds between $[Fe(H_{2}O{)}_6{]}^{3+}$ and $C{l}^{-}$ ions, covalent bonds within water, and coordinate bonds between $F{e}^{3+}$ and water. Hydrogen bonding would also be present. However, CuSO₄ · 5 H₂O is the most commonly cited and clear example for all four bond types in introductory chemistry.

Correct Answer: (A)